Monday, December 3, 2012

OPERATING SYSTEM - OPSYS 101

What is Software?
  • It is a programs used to direct the operation of a computer, as well as documentation giving instructions on how to use them. 
  • It is a set of instructions or programs for controlling the computer.
Different Types of Software:

System Software
 It is a set of programs that controls the operations of the computer and its devices.

Application Software
It is a set of programs that performs specific tasks for users.

3 Types of Programs:

User/Application Programs

  • Programs used by the users to perform a specific task.

System Programs

  • An interface between user and computer.

Driver Programs

  • Communicate with I/O devices with computer.

Architecture of Computer System

Computer system can be divided into four components:

  1. Users
  2. Application Program
  3. Operating System
  4. Hardware


What is an Operating System?


  • It is a set of one or more programs which provides a set of services that interface applications to computer hardware and which allocates and manages resources shared among multiple processes.


2 Related Goals OF OS:

Convenience

  • Operating System mainly developed to make the use of computer easier. 

Efficiency

  • Operating System should ensure that the computer resources are managed properly. 

OS Functions and Purposes:


  1. Resource Manager
  2. Service Provider
  3. Virtual Machine

Resource Manager

  • Allocates scarce resources
  • Protects entities from interfering with each other
  • Protects itself and the overall system from both malicious and accidental damage
  • Programs run at the pleasure of the OS

Service Provider

  • Provides common functionality, simplifying applications
  • Provides standard interfaces, making applications more consistent

Virtual Machine

  • Defines a number of characteristics not found on the hardware
  • Presents a cleaner and easier “machine” for applications to run on
  • Hides the boundary between OS and hardware, allowing flexibility in hardware design while still running the same programs

Areas of Operating System Responsibility:


  1. Processes Management
  2. Memory Management
  3. I/O Devices Management
  4. File Systems Management
  5. Security
  6. Networking
  7. User Interface

Process Management

  • Manages CPU in terms of running programs, called processes
  • Schedules processes, picking the next one to get the CPU
  • Switches between processes, called context switching

Process Related Services

  • Creating processes
  • Terminating processes
  • Changing process parameters (e.g. priority)‏
  • Providing inter process communication
  • Providing process synchronization

Memory Management

  • Assigns areas of memory belonging to processes to areas of physical memory
  • Manages requests that exceed available physical memory
  • Controls sharing of memory

Memory Related Services

  • Direct allocation requests
  • Direct freeing of memory
  • Serving memory needs
  • Managing sharing of areas of memory

I/O Device Management

  • Provides common device interface tasks
  • Manages exclusive access
  • Hides device details

I/O Device Related Services

  • Establish access to a device
  • Release a device
  • Read from a device
  • Write to a device
  • Grant exclusive access to a device
  • Provide special device operations

File System Management

  • Provides translation from names to resources
  • Manages persistent storage of data
  • Presents a device-independent interface
  • Protects resources from unauthorized access

File System Related Services

  • Open a file
  • Close a file
  • Read from a file
  • Write to a file
  • Seek within a file
  • Query and modify file parameters

Security

  • Part of other management responsibilities
  • Authenticates the identity of a requester
  • Authorizes access according to a security policy

Security Related Services

  • Setting Security Policies
  • Querying Security Polices
  • Encrypting and Decrypting Message (especially carried over the network)

Networking

  • Implements protocol stacks
  • Provides services for:
    • Establishing connections to remote systems
    • Listening for connections from remote systems
    • Exchanging data with remote systems

Networking Related Services

  • Establishing a connection to a remote service
  • Listening for connections from remote client
  • Sending messages to a remote system
  • Receiving messages from a remote system
  • Closing a connection to a remote system

User Interfaces

  • OS provides a design that have integrated the user interface which the user can deal with.

Techniques of Organizing Operating Systems:

  • Different Operating System Structure:
    • Monolithic Designs
    • Layered Designs
    • Microkernel Designs
    • Virtual Machines Designs

Monolithic Designs

  • Kernel structured as a single program
  • Usual design techniques
  • Often criticized

Layered Designs

  • Dependency on only lower layers
  • Tricky to structure
  • Often requires splitting subsystems into multiple layers

Microkernels Design

  • Move much of the traditional kernel functionality into separate programs
    • Reduce the size of the kernel
    • Components communicate with messages passed through the microkernel

Virtual Machine Designs

  • Virtualize the hardware
    • Create the illusion of multiple machines
    • Each guest believes it has the hardware to itself
    • Allows different OSs to run at the same time

History of the Operating System

  • Pre-Batch Systems
  • Simple Batch Systems
  • Multi-Programmed Batch Systems
  • Time-Sharing Systems
  • Personal Computer Systems
  • Parallel Systems
  • Distributed Systems
  • Real-Time Systems

Pre-Batch Systems

  • No OS on earliest machines
    • Collections of useful routines:
    • First code reuse
      • Foreshadowed the service provider aspect of operating systems
  • Machines scheduled with sign-up sheets
  • Issue:
    • Too much spent time loading and reloading compilers.
  • Solution:
    • Batch all programs that use the same compiler.

Simple Batch Systems

  • Development of high-speed magnetic tape.
  • Bundles together all programs/jobs that use the same compiler.
  • Issue:
    • What if programs/jobs requires additional input?
  • Solution:
    • Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line)

Multi-Programmed Batch Systems

  • Kept OS runs jobs one at a time based on a scheduling scheme.
  • CPU is kept busy, less idle time waiting for I/O.
  • OS rapidly switch among running programs.
  • Issue:
    • User cannot use the computer when he wants to.
  • Solution:
    • Allow multiple users to connect to the computer over modems from dumb terminals at home.

Time-Sharing Systems (Multitasking System)

  • Multiple users all using a single computer at the same time.
  • OS provides process synchronization and communication.
  • OS provides deadlock avoidance.
  • OS provides a file system.

Personal Computer Systems

  • Computers finally become cheap enough for individual users to own.
  • GOAL for OS is more of user convenience and efficiency.

Parallel Systems (Multiprocessor Systems)

  • Computers having more than one processor.
  • Also called as Tightly-Coupled system.
  • 2 Techniques:
    • Symmetric Multiprocessing
      • Where each processors share the same memory and I/O; each processor works independently.
    • Asymmetric Multiprocessing
      • Where each processor is assigned a specific task; master-slave processors.
  • Advantages:
    • Increased throughput
    • Economy Scale
    • Increased Reliability

Distributed Systems

  • After allowing multiple users and programs, multiple machines comes next
  • Manage multiple computing systems as a single pool of computing resources
  • Share file systems
  • Support multiple CPUs cooperating on a single task
  • Also called as Loosely-Coupled Systems
  • Advantage:
    • Resource Sharing
    • Computation Speedup (Load-Sharing)
    • Reliability
    • Communication
    • Scalability

Real-Time Systems

  • OS must provides an output within a fixed timeframe.
  • 2 Types:
    • Hard Real-Time System
      • System must perform in time or system will fail.
    • Soft Real-Time System
      • If system is unable to perform in time, performance degradation only.

Saturday, December 1, 2012

BUKO LYRICS - JIREH LIM


Naalala ko pa
Nung nililigawan pa
Lamang kita
Dadalaw tuwing gabi

Masilayan lamang ang 'yong
Mga ngiti
At Ika'y sasabihan
Bukas ng alas siyete sa dating
Tagpuan

[Verse 2:]

Buo ang araw ko
Marinig ko lang ang mga
Himig mo

Hindi ko man alam kung nasan ka
Wala man tayong lomunikasyon
Mag hihintay sa'yo buong magdamag
Dahil ikaw ang buhay ko

[CHORUS:]

Kung inaakala mo
Ang pag-ibig ko'y magbabago
Itaga mo sa bato
Dumaan man ang maraming pasko

Kahit na di mo na abot ang sahig
Kahit na di mo na'ko marinig
Ikaw parin ang buhay ko

Huhuhow yeah

[Verse 3:]
[ Lyrics from: http://www.lyricsty.com/jireh-lim-buko-lyrics.html ]
Naalala ko pa
Nung pinapangarap pa lamang kita
Hahatid, susundin
Kahit mga bituin aking susungkititn

[CHORUS:]

Kung inaakala mo
Ang pag-ibig ko'y magbabago
Itaga mo sa bato
Dumaan man ang maraming pasko

Kahit na di mo na abot ang sahig
Kahit na di mo na'ko marinig
Ikaw parin...

Araw-araw kitang liligawan
Haharanahin ka lagi
Kitang liligawan
Haharanahin ka lagi

Kung inaakala mo
Ang pag-ibig ko'y magbabago
Itaga mo sa bato
Pumuti man ang buhok ko

[CHORUS:]
Kung inaakala mo
Ang pag-ibig ko'y magbabago
Itaga mo sa bato
Dumaan man ang maraming pasko

Kung inaakala mo
Ang pag-ibig ko'y magbabago
Itaga mo sa bato
Dumaan man ang maraming pasko

Kahit na kulukulubot ang balat
Kahit na hirap ng dumilat

Kahit na di mo na abot ang sahig
Kahit na di mo na ako marinig

Ikaw parin, Ikaw parin
Ang buhay ko...

MAGKA BILANG MUNDO - Jireh Lim Lyrics




[verse 1:]

Magkalayong agwat
Gagawin ang lahat
Mapasa’yo lang ang
Pag-ibig na alay sa’yo

Ang awit na to ay awit ko sa’yo
Sana ay madama
Magkabila man ang ating mundo

[verse 2:]

Kahit nasan ka man
Hindi ka papalitan
Nag iisa ka lang
Kahit na langit ka at lupa ako

Ang bituin ay aking dadamhin
Pag naiisip ka sabay kayong
Nagniningning

[CHORUS:]

Dito ay umaga at dyan ay gabi
Ang oras natin ay magkasalungat
Ang aking hapunan ay
Iyong umagahan

Ngunit kahit na anong mangyari
Balang araw ay makakapiling ka

[verse 3:]

Hihintayin kita
Kahit nasan kapa
Di ako mawawala
Kahit na may dumating pa

Andito lang ako iibig
Saiyo hangga’t nandyan ka pa
Hangga’t wala ka pang iba

{REPEAT CHORUS 4X}

EASY TRICKS TO EARN MORE IN ADF.LY



What you will need

First of all you will need either Paypal or an Alertpay account. after you got that you will need to sign up for a website name Adf.ly

How it Works

This website will take all the link you pit on it and make them shorter.

How does this make me money?

You see the way it makes money is that on the new URL you get they will put some advertisements. and when people sees you ads you will make profit. If you get 1000 people to click you links you will get more or less 2$ not the best. but it is risk free.

What to do

I'm going to tell you in detail what to do.

Step 1: First off you will need to find a popular subject like Games.
Step 2: get some research for the game you have chosen. lets say that you have chosen the game Grand Theft Auto San - 4.
Step 3: Start searching for cheat codes for this game, after you found some just write an document with those cheats codes.
Step 4: after you have made you text document simple upload it tot a online storage. Mediafire
Step 5: take you link from Mediafire and put it in Adf.ly's URL Shortner.
Step 6 : take your shorten link and put it on forums for gaming. Mae a text line this one.

"i found a cheat on gta san andreas and it's awesome if you interested click here [download link]"

How to make bigger money.

if you wanna make some bigger money you will need to get more popular. get your name on the internet market. let's say that you own a blog. Image that you have 10000 reader. Lets say that you specific blogging subject are Cooking. so what can you dot to make the money?  you can link another blog with a adf.ly link. if all those 1000 click you link you will get 20$ not bad. you can always have more the one link.  you can also do as I said in the previous part but instead of cheat codes for a game you can write a recipe for some cookies and upload it to media-fire and make it as a adf.ly link.

Black hat Method

Whats black hat?  Black hat is a code name for cheating in the system. make money with different programs. Get illegal click on you adf.ly link.

one way you can do this is using the Empirevies method.

how would you it. you should first of all run their "earn free credits program" what it does is that it run you inter browser to view other persons link. most people use this website for more YouTube hits. but if you wanna make same money use your credits on you adf.ly link i can promise you that this will but make you millionaire but you will get some extra money. if you use this black hat method you will probably make 1 - 2$ per day. so that will make some extra money of 30 - 60$ per month so you can;t live out this. but you can make some extra money from this.

you can also use a website name trafficspamer.

this site works link empire views you can earn at least 1 - 2 $ a day hassle free.

so if you combine this two method this will make you a profit of 120$ per month, but remember this are blackhat method there a big chances of you getting banned. so be carefull.

Monday, November 26, 2012

LUCID DREAMING EBOOK

FREE LUCID DREAMING EBOOK


DOWNLOAD LINK: CLICK ME

WHAT IS LUCID DREAM? : A lucid dream is any dream in which one is aware that one is dreaming. In a lucid dream, the dreamer may be able to exert some degree of control over their participation within the dream or be able to manipulate their imaginary experiences in the dream environment.

When you are able to control your dream you can do what ever you want. you can fly, jump high, float whatever you wanted. you can also build your own world that only exist on you dream there are many people you already master lucid dreaming and they use to create something out of the box.

PREFACE 

When attempting some of the techniques in this book, you may have some frightening experiences, such as falling or shaking sensations. Although the authors attest these are not dangerous, you should avoid techniques that create these sensations if you would prefer not to experience them. Some of the drugs may have side-effects. It is recommended you research drugs further online and/or with your doctor or general practitioner before using them. Additionally, the placebo effect has a major effect on dreaming. If you believe that dream characters act dull and lifelessly, they are far more likely to do so. If you believe they can be creative, original, and surprising, they are far more likely to be. Much of the content of your dreams is affected by the placebo effect. Remember that the easier you think it is to dream lucidly, the easier it will be. Many of the techniques and “facts” presented on these pages are not backed up by research. This is not to say that these techniques do not work, only that they may be placebos or be ineffective much of the time.

DOWNLOAD LINK: CLICK ME